CHAPTER - 8
MISCELLANEOUS
OCCUPATIONS
In 1971, the population of the district
was 14,45,534, of which4,01,413 were workers. A Study of
the occupational structure of the working population reveals the 72,732 persons were engaged in
miscellaneous occupations . The break-up is
given below according to the census report of 1971:
| Occupation | Number |
| Industry | 20,699 |
| Trade and Commerce | 14,413 |
| Live-Stock,
forestry,hunting Plantations orchards |
1,579 |
| Transport, storage and communication | 4,048 |
| Construction | 1,959 |
| Mining and quarrying | 43 |
| Other services | 29,991 |
| Total | 72,732 |
Public Services
With the
growing responsibility of the government towards
planned economic and social development of the country,
employment opportunities under the Central and State Governments at various levels have increased considerably. In addition, The
activities of the public corporations and local bodies have also
greatly multiplied. An idea of the number
of the persons employed under the
semi-government or quasi-government institutions and
local bodies may be had from the
following the table:
| Type of establishment | Number of reporting establishments | Number of Employees | ||
| 1972-73 | 1973-74 | 1972-73 | 1973-74 | |
| Central Govt. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| State Govt. | 69 | 69 | 6,954 | 6,954 |
| Quasi Govt. (Central) | 12 | 15 | 263 | 255 |
| Quasi Govt. (State) | 2 | 1 | 1,047 | 815 |
| Local Bodies | 26 | 26 | 5,549 | 5,432 |
Persons in the above services fall under the category of fixed wage earners who re hard hit by
the rise in the cost of living
.However, the comparative position of Central Government employees is
much better than of those under the
employment of the State Government or
the local bodies. Dearness allowance is paid to all classes of such
employees at rates varying in accordance with
their salaries and the government or authority
they serve under . Benefits
like provident fund and free medical
treatment are available to the government
servants as well as employees of the local
bodies , while pension facilities are extended to government
servants only. Leave rules have been revised
by the government to provide greater relief to the
temporary employees. Other benefits include advances for the purchase of conveyances and construction
or repair of houses. Residential
accommodation at moderate stipulated rates of
rent is also provided in government-owned
buildings or house rent allowance is paid in
The employees are allowed to form their service
associations or unions under the Societies
Registration Act 18 of 1860, for their welfare
and for the protection and promotion of their service interests.The State
Government employees in the district
are members of the State Employees Joint Council or the Ministerial Employees Association which is affiliated to the State level body . The employees of the
local bodies are members of the Local Authorities Employees Association and the
employees of the State Road Transport
Corpo0ration are members of the Employees
Road Transport Corporation Joint Council
which are both affiliated to their apex organizations at the State level.
LEARNED PROFESSIONS
Education
In 1961, the district had 2,512 teachers
233 women.With the expansion of educational institutions with the passage of time, the number of teachers had risen to 6,420 in the year 1974-75,and
the statement given below shows the
numbers of teachers employed in primary
and secondary schools run by different
agencies in that year :
| Agency Running the Institution | No. of Teachers | Total | |
| Male | Female | ||
| Government | 35 | 59 | 94 |
| Local Bodies | 3,573 | 538 | 4,111 |
| Private | 1,974 | 241 | 2,215 |
| Total | 5,582 | 838 | 6,420 |
Since 1964,the triple benefit scheme
has also been
extended to the State-sided
educational institutions run by the local bodies or under private management bringing the advantages
of contributory provident fund ,compulsory
life insurance and pension, which
includes family pension, to the teachers. Payment of
salaries to the teachers of the institutions
which receive grants from the State Government
are made through cheques signed
by the managers of the institutions
concerned, and a nominee of district inspector of schools .
Wards of the teachers are entitled to free tuition up
the intermediate classes. Needy and disabled
teachers are provided financial help from the national foundation for teachers welfare fund and those suffering
from tuberculosis are admitted to the
Bhowali T. B.Sanatorium where a number of seats are reserved
for teachers.
The teachers of the higher secondary schools in the district are members of the Madhayamik
Shikshak sangh and those of junior high schools and primary schools are members of the
Prathmik Shikshak Sangh. These association are affiliated to their State-level apex bodies.
The main aims of these associations
are to protect and promote the service interests of
their members. There is also an
association of the teachers of the degree and l;post-graduate colleges in the district
. The teachers of these colleges draw
their salaries direct from the government treasury
in
Medicine
In 1961, there were 71 nurses,781 midwives and
health visitors ,23 nursing attendants , 137 pharmacists,21 vaccinators and 53 sanitary technicians Physicians trained in the allopathic , ayurvedic and homeopathic and
other systems totaled 56,21 ,821 and
43 respectively. The number of dentists was 4.
In 1974-75 , the government hospitals and dispensaries had 54 doctors, one hakim , 3homoeopaths, 60 compounders,6 nurses,
62 midwives and 60 dais.
A branch of the Indian Medical
Association was established in the district in 1951,to promote and advance
medical and allied services in the different branches of medical practice to promote medical education and to maintain the honor and dignity of the
medical profession. the total numbers on the rolls of this association was 17 in 1974-- 75.
Law
The legal profession
attracts graduates and a few retired
persons possessing a degree in law .
They have one or more moharrirs(clerks) depending on the
size of their clientele. The State Government appoints district government counsels for
conducting criminal,civil and revenue cases in courts, from among qualified, legal
practitioners. To assist them a number of lawyers are appointed by the government
, known as panel lawyers, and special counsels, depending
on the quantum of work. For the
purpose of cases in the courts of magistrates, lawyers and other
persons with legal qualifications are
appointed as public prosecutors.
In recent ,with
the influx of a large number of new
entrants, the legal profession has become highly
competitive.Various malpractice's have also crept into it . Nonetheless the profession has
retained a high legal
standard.The very nature
of the profession provides ample opportunities to the lawyers to
maintain very close touch with all sections of people. Naturally the
lawyers take a very active active part in all
walks of public life in the district ,
particularly in the social educational and political activities . Generally the lawyers practices at the district headquarters as most of the case
work is dealt with in the courts located
there . A few also practices at the tahsil
headquarters where number of subordinate
courts are located.
In 1961, there were in the district 216 jurymen , 18 judges and magistrates,188
legal practitioners and 10 legal technicians.
The lawyers of the district who
numbered 300 in 1974-75 , are
members of two
bar associations, the Civil Courts Bar
Association and the Collectorate Bar Association at Mainpuri , The
latter having a branch at Shikohabad . The associations aim at inculcating
a feeling of brotherhood their members.
maintaining harmonious relations between the bar and the bench, safeguarding civil liberties and enjoyment , and to provide free legal assistance to
deserving persons .
Engineering
There are
mainly four branches of government
engineering services in the district , the
public works , the irrigation ,the
local self-government engineering and the
Hydel. They all have their own
divisions of survey , design and construction. In 1974-75 the total number
of engineers in all these branches in the district was
29. The Zila Parishad and the municipal boards of
Mainpuri,Shikohabad and Sirsaganj have engineer each under
their employment. Overseers, now designated
as junior engineers, lines,men and draughtsmen also form
part of the engineering services.
The industrial establishments in the district particularly
those at Shikohabad also employ
graduate engineers and diploma holders,.A
number of qualified engineers, architects and surveyors
work privately . The
In 1961, the number of persons of persons in the engineering profession was 119 including those
employed by government and 3 surveyors and 7
architects.
Domestic
Servants
Domestic servants comprise a fair proportion of
the workers in the district . They are
not necessarily unskilled workers though they get lower
gages as compared to other members of the labouring classes.
They
With the
changing times
the workers under this category are slowly
becoming more conscious of their rights
and steps are a foot
to organise them into unions and
association with the objects of safeguarding
their interest and improving
their working conditions.
In 1961m in the district , there were 700 house keepers, cooks, maid
servants and others doing related jobs,
of whom
198 were cooks and cook-bearers, 473 butlers,
bearers and waiters and 14
nurses,ayahs and maids. The number of cleaners, sweepers and watermen was 2,538 of whom
1,342 were women .
Barbers
In
the past
barbers or nais used to visit
families either daily or weekly for rendering
service . But the practice is dying out fast and now
to satisfy the craze for modern establishments, hair-dressing shops
and saloons have cropped up Such saloons are
mostly confined to the urban areas and they are usually manned by
more than one person, the owner
employing paid assistants. Some barbers attend to their customers on roadside pavements of
busy thoroughfares, in fairs and other festive occasions.
The barbers
held a very
prominent position during ceremonial occasions among the Hindus. Even now
they , besides carrying their main work of hairdressing , also attend to their age-old traditional duties in rituals and sacraments like
birth, naming of the newly
born, babies, yagyopavita, marriage and death. in these rituals they are assisted by their
womenfolk as well.In 1961, there were 3,090 barbers and workers doing related jobs, in the district ,of
whom 307 were in the rural areas.
Washermen
In spit of the change over to laundaries, washing shops and dry-cleaning shops in recent years,. the
Washermen is still a common sight in
cities and towns, collecting dirty clothes
for washing on the banks of some nearby river, rivulet,
nullah or tank.
The rising costs of
washing materials and the coming
in to vogue
of synthetic fibre clothes have
adversely affected the trade of the
Washermen. A substantial number of
clothes being washed at home , only the woolens,
silken and other delicate clothes find their way to the
laundaries and dry- cleaning
shops in the cities, The conditions
in the villages, however, have not undergone any substantial change. In 1961, there were
4,305 Washermen including dry - cleaners of
whom 434 were in the urban area.
Tailors
Since times immemorial tailoring has
been considered to be a fine art, as it requires
hard, sustained and specialized training , particularly under an
expert in the profession. Noted tailors in the cities
only attend to
the cutting of the cloth for various items of dress
and leave the
stitching and sundry jobs to their assistants
who are either close relations or employed on daily or monthly wages
or on commission basis. They also specialize
in ladies' or gent' garments.
In the rural area the entire
jobs handled by a single individual -the kurta, shirt and
pajama being the traditional items of tailored dresses.
In 1961 there were 2,611 tailors and dressmakers
of whom733 were in
Other
Occupations
Among those pursuing other occupations in the district
1961 ,there were 2,150 spinners,
weavers, knitters and dyers; 3,290
carpenters, wood-workers and coopers; 1931 hawkers, pedlars and street vendors;
1,040 basket
weavers; 1,996 brick layers, plasterers and construction workers; 6,521 potters, kilnmen and glass blowers; 1,027 oil-seed
crushers and pressers;100 khandsari, sugar and gur makers; 876 religious
workers; 60 compositors, printers, engravers and
book-binders; 696 book -keepers and cashiers; 2,132
millers, pounders, huskers, parchers and
related food workers; 996 bakers, confectioners, candy and sweetmeat
makers; 1,400 leather workers and shoes
makers and repairers; 28 fishermen ; 495
drivers of vehicle drawn
by animals; 171 musicians; 765 jewelers,
goldsmiths and precision instrument
makers and repairers; 259 electricians and electronic workers; 466 loggers and forestry workers;551 blacksmiths, Hammersmith and forgemen,509 malis;88 astrologers and palmists; 2,606, salesmen and shop attendants;188 cycle-rickshaw drivers; 839 machinists and tool
makers;15 palm-tappers; 116 tobacco product makers; 13 authors;3 editors and journalists, 8
painters and commercial artists;10 actors,171 musicians; 61
dancers and 4 artists and related
workers.