CHAPTER - 5
INDUSTRIES
The district has a sound agricultural base
but the industrial potential is low. The lack of enterprise and technical training and
insight among the people has been the major constraint in the industrial growth of the
district. For lack of information it is not possible to trace the development of
industries and the level of excellence achieved in them in the past, but it is certain
that in the ancie4nt times and also in the Mughal period many villages of this region
constituted self sufficient economic units producing their own cloth, crude agricultural
implements and other necessities of life. It is, however, likely that during the peaceful
reigns of the first five Mughal emperors, some handicrafts prospered and received
considerable encouragement from them.
The old time manufactures of the district are few but significant. A considerable amount of crude glass
was manufactured in the district and was
exported to other parts of the country. A certain amount of the glass was worked up into
bangles at Jasrana and Urmara Kirar near Shikohabad in particular. The glass was prepared
from the reh, or saline efflorescence.found plentifully on the usar plains, especially in
the neighborhood of canals. Glass-making was net confined to any particular caste, but was
chiefly practised by Muslims, and the manufacturer was always an independent man,
employing hired labour, As far as the making of glass bangles was concerned, the glass was
once more melted and mixed with the coluring matter. The bangle makers were invariably Muslims, and the furnaces generally belonged to
one joint family, who shared expenses and profits equally. Boys were Employed at the
furnaces and outnumbered men while women and
girls were employed to tie up and pack the bangles. The
average daily earnings were less than 12 paise per head, and it was only by making
use of small children . who were not big
enough for other work, that the manufacturer was made to pay. Mainpuri has also been noted
for its beautiful wood-work inlaid with brass wire, known as tarkashi (wire-drawing).
Artisans use the best dark shisham wood for the manufacture of clogs, penholders, small
boxes of various shapes, plates and photograph frames of different kinds. They are
carpenters, who are generally identical with lohars in this district. They buy chips or
scraps of sheet brass and cut out a thin ribbon-like strips to form the wire. Stars were
made of loops of this ribbon. The carpenter dose all the work himself. For the inlaying of
a new or intricate design, the pattern is copied by a stencil from the original design.
The chief draw back of this industry is that it is time-consuming and the articles are
costly. With the modern trend towards mass manufacture, the prospects for these
specialized handicraft do not appear to be very bright. The district produced ginned
cotton about the end of the last century six power ginning mills were functioning. The
district was also famous for the production of saltpeter, sometimes by a solar evaporative
process which became obsolete . Nitre earth was common all over the district and in 1909,
there were 295 factories at Mainpuri, Bewar, Bhongaon and dihuli, which were kept running
from the month of November unit June and each factory produced from 50 to 100 maunds of
crude saltpetre. The whole production of crude nitre was exported to the saltpeter
refineries at Farrukhabad. For running a factory only three to four persons were required
and the process of manufacture was simple. About the turn of the last century impure
sulphate of soda (khari) was made at Nasirpur in 20 factories and a quantity of about
3,000 maunds of the material was exported to Kanpur leather factories.
Rassi, Crude carbonate of soda also used to be made in the district. All these
industries have almost ceased to be in vogue in the district now.
Power :- Electric power is available in the
district from the U.P. Grid. The per capita consumption of power was 35 K.H.W. in the
district in 1969-70 while in the state it was
37 K.H.W. in that year.
The consumption of power in various sectors of the economy in the district in 1974
was as follows. :
| Sector | Total consumption of power (in units) | Number of connection |
Industries |
1,09,41,655 | 632 |
| Agriculture | 1,40,95,144 | 4,151 |
| Domestic | 17,57,085 | 12,228 |
Rural Electrification :- In 1969-70 villages
were electrified, their number increased to 343 in 1970-71 , and to 394 till November 1975
, the U.P. State Electricity7 Board intends to electrify every village having a population
of 500 , by the end of the fifth Five year Plan.
Large Scale Industries :- There are two
large scale units producing electric lamps, shells for glass lamps, glass tubing and
strawboard.
Electric Lamps and Allied Articles :- Established in 1952 the Hindi Lamps limited, Shikohabad, specializes in
the manufacture of electric lamps, shells for lamps and glass tubing In 1974 it had a net
investment of Rs. 292.33 laks and a total turnover of Rs. 634.2 lakhs and employed 1,714
people. The raw materials used for the manufacture of these items are filament, lead wire,
molybdenum wire, phosphate powder, aluminum strip, brass strip, sode ash and silica sand
and their consumption in this unit in 1974 was valued at Rs. 255 lakhs.
Strawboard :- Shri Mahavir Strawboard Mills
(Private) Limited, established in 1965 at Mainpuri is engaged in the manufacture of
strawboard. The raw materials used are
bagasse and paddy straw. In 1974 the raw materials used are bagasse and paddy straw. In
1974, The capital outlay of the factory amounted to Rs. 21 lakhs, and it employed 104
person, producing goods worth Rs. 16,30.000 and consuming raw materials valued at Rs.
2,40,000.
Small Scale Industries :- Oils, wheatflour,
dal rice, engineering goods. chemicals furniture, footwear, electric bulbs, bricks, and
articles of glass, etc. are produced in a large number of small scale industrial units,
which are mainly located in the urban centres.
The following statement gives comparative figures of progress of small scale
industries in the district in 1956 and 1974.
| 1956 | 1974 | |
| Total number of units | 316 | 361 |
| Total number of person employed | 3,663 | 3,710 |
| Total investment (in Rs.) | 45,73,740 | 1,99,36,234 |
| Total production (in Rs.) | 1,38,98,500 | 1,33,44,000 |
The Investments in the small scale industries sector have gone up by more then
twice since 1950 It is, therefore obvious that the small scale industries have tended to
markedly capital intensive.
The local small scale industries may be mainly classified as those processing
agricultural products, manufacturing agricultural implements, chemicals, wooden furniture,
electrical goods, leather goods. and glass articles.
Agro-based Industries :- Oil from oil-seeds, dal from
arhar, and rice from paddy are produced in 36 units which are located at Mainpuri,
Shikohabad, Sirsaganj and Ghiror. The units are operated by electric or diesel power.
Agricultural Implements and Allied Articles :-
Ploughs, crushers, buckets and motor parts are produced in 123 units located at Mainpuri, Shikohabad, Sirsaganj,
Bewar and Kushamara. The units are operated by electricity and use iron and coal as raw
materials. Chemicals sodium silicate, soap, cadmium sulphide, bone meals and ink are
manufactured in 32 units which are located at Mainpuri, Shikohabad and Bhongaon. Soda ash,
silica slate, yellow cadmium, folic acid and spirit are used as raw materials.
Furniture Making :- Wooden furniture and
allied articles are produced in 72 units, which are mainly located at Mainpuri, Shikohabad
Sirsaganj, Karhal, Jasrana, Bhongaon, Kushmara and Bewar.
Electrical Goods Manufacturing :-
Manufacture of electric lamps, and assembling radios and batteries are undertaken in 11
units, located at Mainpuri and Shikohabad.
Footwear :- Shoes and chappals are
manufactured in 52 units, located at Mainpuri, Shikohabad, Sirsaganj, Bewar, Kushmara and
Kuraoli.
Glass Industry :- A variety of glass wares is manufactured in a
units located at Shikohabad and and
Makhanpur. This Industry was started in 1922
in the district . The raw materials is imported from Calcutta, Shankergarh, Katni,
Amritsar and Ferozabad.
Other Industries :- Bricks, dairy products,
hosiery and printing work is done in 30 units which are located at Mainpuri, Jasrana and
Shikohabad.
The following statements gives the total investment, value of goods produced and
number of persons employed in the small scale industries of the district in 1974.
| Industries | Total Investment (in Rs.) | Total production (in Rs.) | Cost of raw materials consumed (in Rs.) | Number of persons employed |
| Agro-based | 1,04,58,974 | 6,20,000 | 5,80,00,000 | 335 |
| Agricultural implements | 35,02,152 | 72,00,000 | 50,00,000 | 304 |
| Chemicals | 19,96,673 | 11,00,000 | 10,00,000 | 170 |
| Electrical goods | 8,21,211 | 75,000 | 55,000 | 91 |
| Furniture making | 4,66,550 | 3,54,000 | 2,10,000 | 249 |
| Footwear | 8,34,757 | 3,20,000 | 2,00,000 | 210 |
| Glass | Not available | 2,75,000 | 1,40,000 | 1,250 |
| Others | 18,38,917 | 34,00,000 | 20,00,000 | 601 |
Village
and Cottage Industries :-
The village and cottage industries include handicrafts handed down from generation
to generation. Telghani (oil presses) carpentry, footwear, moonj products, soap-making,
palm fur, pottery, basket-making, handloom cloth and combs are goods falling under these
group of industries, which are manned and owned by particular sections of the village
community.
A survey of the village and cottage industries in 1956 revealed the
| Total number of units | 34,661 |
| Total number of person employed | 98,124 |
| Total investment (in Rs.) | 5,43,000 |
| Total cost of raw-materials used (in Rs.) | 80,07,890 |
| Total value of goods produced (in Rs.) | 1,16,80,010 |
Telghani :- There are 3 registered oil
expellers in the district. located at Karhal, Bamtapur and Signi, manned by 14 persons
Ginerally the machines are driven by bullocks. About 103 quintals of oil valued Rs.
61,853.50 was produced in 1974. Mustard seed worth Rs, 51,174 was used as raw material and
the total investment of these unit was Rs. 21,277.80.
Footwear :- Shoe-making and the manufacture
of other leather goods are the age-old industries, dependent mostly on traditional skill
and workmanship. The shoes made conform mostly to indigenous designs and utilize locally
tanned leather.
Though the industry is scattered throughout the district, only 9 Units are
registered. They are located at Sirsaganj, Karhal, Faradpur, Kuchela, Kergoat, Bewar and
Mandhatra. Leather valued at Rs. 6,29,205 was used as raw
material
and 40,745 articles worth Rs. 9,10,123 were produced in 1974.
The total investment in these registered units manned by 141 persons was Rs.
1,04,556.60.
Ban Making :- This industry is being run
from time immemorial but at present there are only two registered units located at
Kuberpur and Sarain Muslidhar in the district. The basic raw material, moonj, is easily
available in the distract. Moonj worth Rs. 23,825 was consumed in these unit in 1974 when
ban worth Rs. 16,450 was produced. The total investment in the industry, which employed 31
person, amounted to Rs. 1,500.
Carpentry :- Wooden frames for doors and
windows, beds, wheels for carts, ploughs and some pieces of furniture are manufactured by
old families of carpenters, but only one registered unit, located at Mainpuri, is engaged
in this industry. Wood worth Rs. 15,833.70 was consumed as raw material in 1974, and 319
items valued at Rs. 18,000 were produced. The total investment in the unit, which employed
11 persons, amounted to Rs. 12,391.89 .
Soap :-
Washing soap es manufactured in a registered unit which is located at Mainpuri.
Mom-edible oil, soda ash and silicate worth Rs. 2,400 were used as raw2 materials by this
unit.The total investment in this industry amounted
to Rs. 6,900 in 1974 while the production was valued at Rs, 2880 and 9 person were
employed.
Gur Making :- The production of gur from palm trees is done in a registered unit, located at
Lahara. The total investment in this industry amounted to Rs. 5,371 while the production
was worth a sum of Rs. 3, 160 and the raw
material worth a sum of Rs, 2,647 was consumed in 1974 As many as 4 persons were engaged
in this industry.
Dal and Rice pounding :- Rice is produced
from paddy and Dal from pulses in a registered unit located at Signi. A sum of Rs. 9,813 was invested in the industry in 1974 when rice
and Dal worth an amount of Rs. 2,195 were
Other Industries :- Pottery, baskets, combs,
handloom fabrics, smithy good utensils, tin goods and fire works are produced in a large number of unregistered units in the
district.
Industrial Estate :- At present there is no industrial
estate in the district but there is a
proposal for the establishment of two such estates one at Mainpuri and the other at
Shikohabad in the fifth five year Plan period.
Aid to Industries
Mainpuri is one of the industrially backward district of Uttar Pradesh. The U. P. Financial Corporation, which acts of
behalf of the State Government also. as announced liberal terms for advancing loans to
industrial units in such districts, A number of further concessions, like giving power subsidy,
providing developed land of which the cost may be paid in installments, price preference,
exemption from sales tax and octroi and supply of machinery on the hire purchase system
are given to new entrepreneurs to take up industrial ventures. As a mar4k of special
concession to industrially backward regions, The repayment of loans advanced for the
establishment of industrial units commences only after one to two years and even three to
four years of the advancement of the loans in case of economically inferior units.
The central Financial Institutions :- Industrial Development Bank of India and the
Industrial Financial corporation of India advance loans up to Rs. 1 crore to entrepreneurs
at a rate of interest lower by one per cent
than
The U. P. Financial Corporation, Kanpur, extends assistance to industrial concerns
of its own behalf also. Its own plan of disbursement is known as the corporation loan
scheme, while the loans advanced on behalf of the state Government fall under the
liberalize loans scheme and the ordinary loan scheme. Under the former scheme, loans are
advanced at reduced rates of interest, and for longer periods extending up to 15 years,
The corporation gas been authorised to carry on
and transact various types of business but at present it has confined its activities to
the granting of loans to industrial concerns and the issue of deferred payment guarantees
to industrial units for the purchase of
indigenous machinery from manufacture and suppliers, and acting as an agent of the State
Government for various schemes. The corporation can grant loans under the corporation loan
scheme to the extent of Rs. 30,00,000 in the
case of private and public limited companies or registered co-operative societies and
Rs.15,00,000 in the case of proprietorship concerns. The rate of interest is 11.5 per cent
annum with a rebate of 2 per cent for prompt payment.
The loans under the ordinary loan scheme and
liberalized loan scheme are advanced for amounts ranging from Rs. 5,000 to 50,000 . The
applications of loans under the scheme are
channelised through the district industries
| Scheme | No. of units | Loans disbursement as on 31/3/74 (in Rs. in lakhs) |
| Corporation Loan Scheme | 4 | 11.69 |
| Liberalized Loan Scheme | 12 | 6.57 |
| Ordinary Loan Scheme | - | - |
The other institutions which have rendered assistance to the industries of the
district are the U.P. small scale Industries Corporation,
Kanpur, and the National Small industries Corporation . The State Government has
also extended help to industries under schemes relating to the handloom industry, Khadi
development, the intensive development, industrial, co-operative societies.
The district can obtain additional financial assistance and loans and grants under
the State Aid to Industries Act, and the credit Guarantee Scheme of the State Band of
India. But the available credit facilities are not being fully utilized.
Industrial Potential And Plans For Further Development
With the introduction of modern methods of cultivation and the guarantee of a
minimum price for agricultural produce, the economic condition of the people has improved
providing the district with a better base for
the industrial development. The prospects for the establishment of new industries in the
district may be based on the availability of resources and the existing and anticipated
demand for various manufactured items in the district. Since there are only two large
scale units in the district, there is some scope for the establishment of few more such
units and also for the coming up of the establishment of few more such units and also for
the coming up of their ancillary units.
Means of communications play an important role in stepping up industrialization by
enabling queck movement of finished goods to the markets and of the raw materials to the
production units. There is a network of roads, connecting all important ;laces within the
district with one another, and also with those outside the district which is located
midway between Agra and Kanpur. Delhi is also not far off. Though Mainpuri does not lie on
the main railway line, a branch line of the Northern Railway passes through it, making for
the easy and quick transportation of goods to and from Mainpuri. The district also
receives plenty of electric power from Mainpuri. The district also receives plenty of
electric power from the U.P. Grid, which is a great help in industrial expansion.
The district is however, poor in natural resources and only agriculture produce can
provide material which can be processed and utilised by a few small scale units. The
district leads the State in respect of production of oil-seeds, potatoes, ground-nuts and
peas while barley maize and pulses are grown in considerable quantities, Generally
speaking, industries may either be resource-based or demand based. Under the former
category some industrial units may be established to utilize the available resources of
the district. A solvent extraction plant may be opened in the district which produces oil
seeds in large quantities and considerable percentages of oil, ranging from 7 to 10 left in the oil-cakes may be extracted by the
solvent extraction process. This would bring the dual advantages of the recovery of
considerable quantities of oil from oil-cakes, and the residual drier oil cakes would be
an exportable item,. for earning foreign exchange. A potato chips plant may be established
at some trade centre and a cement manufacturing industrial unit may also be established.
At present there is no rice-bran oil mill in the district, though there is a considerable
quantity of rice-husk derived from rice-mills. Much of the rice husk is wasted. An
industrial unit
The district has a labour welfare centre at Shikohabad, It provides medical.
educational, cultural, recreational and sport facilities to members of the trade unions.
Labour Welfare :-
The Indian trade unions Act, 1962, the Employment of children act. 1936 , the u.P. Maternity Benefit Act 1938, The Minimum Wages
Act, 1948, The employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The
U.P. Industrial Establishment (National Holidays) Act, 1961, and the motor transport workers Act, 1961 are in force in the district. In 1974 there was a
labour inspector in the district to ensure the enforcement of labour laws, advancement of
labour welfare schemes and maintaining liaison between employers.