Education and Culture

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CHAPTER 15

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

In ancient time the area included in the present district of Mainpuri formed part of the south Panchala kingdom.

Education in those days began at home, followed invariably, for students coming from the upper strata of society, by their admission into some ashram a. Regular studentships, in ashram began with the initiation ceremony called the upanayana. The pupil was allowed to pursue studies of his choice accompanied by special teaching in the Vedas and the traditional branches of learning such as itihasa-purana (history and legend), vyakarna (grammar) , philology, chandshastra (prosody). arthashastra (political economy) ganita (mathematics), jyotish (astronomy and astrology), dharmashastra (law and discipline), shastravidya (statecraft and military science ) and Ayurveda (the science of longevity).

In ancient times education was imparted for the sake of learning and spiritual advancement and not for providing a means to earn a livelihood. It was arranged with the best of care, free of cost and was not controlled by the state. One of the important features of the system was to create an intimate relationship between the teacher and the taught which was expected to inculcate in the latter the attitudes of obedience, service, austerity and purity of conduct.

In course of time paths alas (schools) emerged , as elsewhere. in this region also. A majority of them were attached to temples in which, in addition to the subjects taught ordinarily (Sanskrit and grammar, the regional languages, astrology), mathematics, etc. preparation for priesthood became an important feature for those desirous of taking up that profession.

It is difficult, however, to determine fully the impact of Muslims on the educational system in this region but it may be presumed that they established their own maktabs (schools) mostly attached to the mosques. In those days paths alas and maktabs were almost always privately owned and run, receiving no regular financial aid from the government except occasional gifts of land, cattle or money.

     At the time of the advent of the British there were some elementary schools in which reading. writing and a little arithmetic were taught. These schools were in addition to indigenous religions institutions. The artisans gave their children mainly vocational education required for professional skill such as carpentry, smithy and tailoring. Schooling of girls was not in vogue but they were generally given training in domestic works lied cooking, house keeping and embroidery, at home by elderly ladies of the family who also familiarized them with the tenets of their faith and religious legends (Puranas), The first attempt for imparting education was made by government in 1850 when tahsil (primary school established at the headquarters of a tahsil, and indigenous school were established in the district, on receiving a report on the condition of indigenous schools in 1848 , when there were 152 schools attended by 1,149 pupils, There were only 79 towns and villages provided with schools, and 1,380 without them. The general feeling was described as being `unfavorable to literary pursuits even of the most humble and practical character'. Later on a zila or district school was opened in 1867 . It has been raised to the status of an intermediate college. There was previously only one Anglo-vernacular school in the district . It was run by the American Presbyterian Mission and at present it has risen to the status of an Intermediate college. With the passage of time, education spread in the district in a marked fashion, and in 1875 , there were 32 schools in the district attended by 6,872 students, Of these 145 were in varous schools with 1,443 students, In 1909 the number of government and aided school rose to 167 with 6,937 boys and 621 girls are students. Of these six were secondary schools with 1,080 boys and one girl, Beside these there were several private indigenous schools throughout the district in which religious instruction either in Sanskrit or in Arabic was given and in some of them the Kaithi   script, the multiplication table and rudimentary arithmetic was also taught.

                                                       GROWTH OF LITERACY

     In 1881 it was found that 37 males and 8 females in a thousand were literate, In 1891 these figures had risen n to 38 and 14 respectively and in 1901 to 42 and 18 respectively. Thereafter, there has been a slow but steady rise in the number of literate person, both male and female. Achievement in this field between 1951 to 1971 depicted below :

Year	Percent of Literacy in
	Rural		Urban
	Males	Females	Males	Females
1951	13.6	1.5	40.1	17.6
1961	27.9	6.9	50.7	27.1
1971	31.9	10.7	54.1	35.5

In 1961 , the district occupied the 19th place in literacy among the districts of the State. The following statement gives an insight into the extent of the extent of the expansion of literacy and education in the district.

Educational Standard	Person	Males	Females
Urban
Literate without educational level	19,885	12,246	7,639
Primary or junior Basic	4,535	3,907	628
Matriculation or higher secondary	8,229	5,959	2,270
Technical diploma not equal to degree	1,155	1,155	-
University degree or post-graduate degree other than technical degree	1,034	936	98
Technical degree or diploma equal to degree or post graduate degree:
Engineering	20	20	-
Medicine	41	41	-
Agriculture	3	3	-
Veterinary and dairying	1	1	-
Rural
Literate without education level	1,37,359,	1,09,155	28,204
Primary or junior Basic	52,645	46,424	6,221
Matriculation and above	8,228	7,980	268

     In 1971 , the percentage of general literacy rose to 24.24 and the percentages of literacy for males and females were 33.74 and 12.83 respectively.

                                                    GENERAL EDUCATION

     Education now start generally with the pre-junior Basic class or nursery level and goes up to the university stage. There are tow nursery schools in the district.

Pre-junior Basic Stage :-
Pre-junior Basic education, imparted to children up to six years of age, is of recent origin. The following statement gives certain particulars about institutions imparting such education :

Name and Location	Management	Date of establishment	No. of Students	Income	Expenditure
Saraswati Shishu Mandir,Shikohabad	Private	-	226	4,158	1,711
Nagar Palika Bal Mandir, Shikohabad	Nagar Palika	1968	314	52,066	52,066

Junior and Senior Basic Stage :-
Education at the junior and senior Basic stages is based on the Wardha scheme of education initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 , which was adopted by the State Government with certain modifications, It comprises the juniors Basic stage from class 1 to 5, and the senior Basic stage from class 1 to 8, Mahatma Gandhi held that education ought to draw out the best in the pupil in body, mind and spirit, It implied that free and compulsory education for a term of eight years be provided by the State, that the mother-tongue be the medium of instruction, that the process of education centre around some useful handicraft enabling the child to channclize his creative ability the moment his training is begun, and that, every school be self-supporting.

In order to ensure academic and administrative efficiency Basic education has been nationalized through the Basic Shiksha Adhiniyam since July 25, 1972 . The management of Basic schools has accordingly been transferred from the local bodies to the board of Basic education. Control at the district level is vested in the Zila Shiksha Samiti and at the village level in the Gaon Shiksha Samiti. A district Basic education officer and at additional Basic education officer (women) are posted in the district to look after Basic education.

To enforce the attendance of boys and girl of the school-going ages at appropriate schools, Their enrolment was made compulsory in 1927 in the urban areas of the district.

The statement I at the end of the chapter shows number of junior Basic, senior Basic and higher secondary institution and students in them from 1965-66 to 1974-75.

Secondary Education :-
Secondary education covers the courses of study after the senior Basic stage up to class XII. With the establishment of the board of high school and intermediate education, U.P. in 1921 the high school and intermediate examinations began to be held at the end of class X and class XII respectively. To encourage female education, the state Government has made girls education free up to high school standard, since January 1,1965 The details of higher secondary schools functioning in the district in 1974-75 are given in Statement II at the end of the chapter.

Re-orientation Scheme :-
The re-orientation scheme aims at introducing agriculture as a central craft in the school. In 1974-75 , there were 64 schools teaching agriculture under this scheme in the district. They had 64 extension teachers. The following statement gives certain details regarding various types of schools
teaching agriculture in 1974-75 :

Type of schools	Name of schools	Total acreage
Senior Basic	41	324.34
Higher secondary and intermediate	233	106.12

EDUCATION OF SCHEDULED CAST AND OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES

To encourage education amongst the Scheduled Castes, incentives like free education, stipends, scholarships and financial assistance for purchase of books and stationery have been provided by the State. From class I to X they receive free education and poor and deserving students get scholarships. In the intermediate classes they are entitled to scholarships besides free education subject to certain conditions. Those who fail for the first time in a class get free education after fulfilling certain conditions. Poor and deserving students of the other Backward Classes also receive scholarships.

The following statement shows the number of students of the Scheduled castes in 1974-75 in various classes.

Standard	Boys	Girls	Total
Junior Basic	17,059	6,338	23,897
Senior Basic	2,495	3,126	5,621
Higher secondary (up to class X)	2,161	168	2,329
Higher secondary (up to class XII)	785	265	1,050

Higher Education :-

In 1974-75 , there were 6 degree colleges in the district out of which one was for girls. The following statement gives certain details about them . All institutions are affiliated to the Agra University.

Name and Location	Year of establishment	No.of students	No. of teachers	Management
A.K.Degree College, Shikohabad	1916	340	22	Private
Narain Degree College,Shikohabad	1956	1,637	69	Ditto
Paliwal Degree College, Shikohabad	1969-70	170	14	Ditto
D.M.Municipal Girls' Degree College, Shikohabad	1974-75	160	7	Municipal Board
Shre, Chitra Gupta Post Graduate College ,Mainpuri	1973-74	799	15	Private
National Degree College Bhongaon	--	835	24	Ditto

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATIONS

Before the mechanization of industries there was hardly any scope for opening institutions of technical and professional education. In the age of handicrafts, skill in the production of goods was acquired through apprenticeship, and manual dexterity was passed on from generation to generation. But with the advent of machine technology and its application to spheres of production. propagation of professional and technical education became imperative.

An industrial training institute was started on November 1, 1962 by the State directorate of training and employment. It imparts training in trades like those of fitter, carpenter, blacksmith, turner, electrician, wireman and stenographer, In 1974 the number of trainees was 256. About on third of the trainees are entitled to get stipends.

To meet the growing demand for trained teachers for Basic schools a number of training institutes are being run in the district by the education department. Their position in 1974 is indicated below :

Name and location	Degree/certificate awarded	No. of students	No. of teachers	Duration of training
Government Normal School, Mainpuri	B.T.C.	147	15	1 Year
Government Girls' Normal School Mainpuri	B.T.C.	60	5	1 Year
Government Normal School , Kuraoli	B.T.C.	100	11	1 Year

ORIENTAL EDUCATION
Sanskrit :- In 1973-74 , there were 5 Sanskrit paths alas (schools) in the in the district which imparted education in subjects like Sanskrit literature, vyakarna (grammar), ganita (mathematics), darshan (philosophy), etc. and were affiliated to the Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Varanasi. The following table some particulars about these pathshalas :

Name and location	Year of establishment	No. of students	No. of teachers	Course of studies
Rangeshwar Vidyalaya Gurukul, Shikohabad	1933	37	4	Uchatar Madhyma
Shri, Sangved Vidyalaya, Gurukul, Nauner	1942	175	10	Acharya
Shri, Onkareshwar Sanskrit Vidyasaya Ashram Akitarndham, Usmidha	1943	56	4	Uchatar Madhyma
Ekvasa Nand Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Mainpuri	1944	130	11	Acharya
Arya Gurukul Sansdrit Mahavidyalaya, Sirsaganj	1953	107	15	Acharya

The Lal Singh Man Singh Industrial School, Mainpuri established in 1918, imparts vocational training to the blind in arts like music and crafts like weaving of the seats of chairs with cane strips.

                                       PHYSICAL EDUCATION
     Physical training is given to boys and girls in all educational institutions in the district. There are 21 units of the national cadet corps in the district of which 18 are in the urban and 3 in the rural areas of the district. Scouts' training sponsored by the Bharat Scouts and Guides Association is compulsorily given in all the senior Basic and higher secondary schools and scouts and guides' camps and rallies are organized every year. The national fitness corps, created by the Central Government provides training in 15 schools colleges of the district and for that purpose 16
instructors have been appointed in the district.

                        LIBRARIES AND READING - ROOMS

     Libraries :- In 1974-75 there were 8 libraries in the district. The following statement gives an idea of their status :

Name and Location	Number of			Management
Name and Location	Books	Magazines	Periodicals	Management
Dr. Ambedlar Library, Nagla Bariyar	350	2	3	Private
Nehru Library , Lalpur Sagaoni	437	2	2	Ditto
Buddha Ambedkar Library, Bhaomroly	330	1	4	Ditto
Mathur Chaturvedi Library, Mainpuri	8,998	4	10	Ditto
Nav Jeevan Library , Mainpuri	3,560	6	12	Ditto
Dr. Ambedkar Library , Mainpuri	2,430	5	9	Ditto
Anand Library, Shikohabad	2,385	6	3	Ditto
Mahavir Kigambar Jain Library, Sirsaganj	2,429	4	5	Ditto

Reading - rooms :- In 1974-75, the extension education department of the State Government was running 21 reading - rooms in the rural areas of the district.

Statement - I

Year	Junior Basic Education			Senior Basic Education			Higher Secondary Education
	No. of Schools	Students		No. of Schools	Students		No. of Schools	Students
	No. of Schools	Boys	Girl	No. of Schools	Boys	Girl	No. of Schools	Boys	Girl
1965-66	1,089	99,950	49,500	162	16,052	3,500	32	20,500	2,990
1966-67	988	1,02,660	57,059	167	17,892	3,977	39	25,584	3,371
1967-68	1,096	99,369	52,392	196	31,441	6,749	40	24,623	3,121
1968-69	1,098	1,06,298	54,757	206	20,749	3,165	42	29,419	4,547
1969-70	1,107	1,00,968	48,960	219	30,504	4,340	39	30,706	5,129
1970-71	1,222	1,01,878	49,792	236	20,095	5,262	52	35,449	5,431
1971-72	1,222	1,04,309	52,709	236	27,860	6,185	62	37,996	5,213
1972-73	1,148	1,17,917	62,037	225	34,673	6,528	61	24,522	2,852
1973-74	1,198	1,19,965	63,549	230	18,704	3,130	64	41,881	11,788
1974-75	1,219	1,22,491	74,884	243	21,076	4,458	69	44,831	7,641

Statement - II

Institution and Location	Year of Establi shment	Name of Founder	Year of Upgrading	No. of Teachers	No. of. Students	Income (In Rs.)	Expenditure
Christian Inter College , Mainpuri	1843	American Presbyeterian Mission	H.S. 1883 Inter 1952	53	1,688	2,43,004	2,39,107
Govt. Inter College, Mainpuri	1867	Govt.	H.S.1907 Inter 1951	31	527	1,84,167	1,84,264
Govt. Girls Inter College, Mainpuri	1900	Govt.	H.S. 1942 Inter 152	46	97	48,808	2,55,010
Kr. Ram Chandra Singh Lal Singh Girls Inter College Mainpuri	1931	Ram Chandra Singh	H.S. 1964 Inter1966	27	913	83,777	86,712
Jain Inter College Karhal	1945	Levenchootion Trust	H.S. 1947 Inter 1955	37	1,172	1,77,285	1,75,128
D.A.V. Inter College Mainpuri	1945	Arya Samaj	H.S. 1948 Inter 1952	32	914	1,41,733	1,56,323
National Inter College Bhongaon	1945	Educational Trust	H.S. 1952 Inter 1955	69	1,939	3,16,224	3,16,692
Chitra Gupta Inter College, Mainpuri	1950	Brijeshwar Sahai	H.S.1951 Inter 1954	39	1,118	1,36,379	1,62,080
Amar Shaheed Inter College Bewar	1950	Kanhi Singh	Inter 1954	46	1,542	2,08,964	2,08,964
D.A.V. Inter College , Jyoti	1951	Raja Ram Vaid	H.S. 1953 Inter 1957	24	688	92,877	85,714
Dev Nagari Inter College, Kuraoli	1952	Saheb Singh	H.S. 1957 Inter 1963	57	1,507	2,12,281	2,31,883
Saraswati Inter College , Ajeetganj	1952	Raghuber Dayal	H.S. 1964 Inter 1972	21	501	52,046	52,046
Azad Inter College Karhal	1954	Triveni Sahai	H.S. 1955 Inter 1961	41	1,290	1,88,496	1,78,291
Indrajeet Shiksha Sadan Inter College, Jot	1954	Patrakhan Lal	H.S. 1957 Inter 1967	25	689	93,977	93,642
Ekrasanand Inter College, Mainpuri	1955	Swami Dhajanand	H.S. 1957 Inter 1965	25	492	65,952	78,151
Sanatan Dharm Inter College , Hasanpur	1956	Chiraunji Lal	H.S. 1964 Inter 1972	20	449	75,510	76,632
D.N. Saraswati Inter College, Jajumai	1957	Arya Samaj	H.S. 1964 Inter 1972	21	628	63,833	59,665
Adarsh Inter College , Bewar	1958	Hira Lal Dixit	H.S. 1960 Inter 1968	37	190	1,47,801	1,40,914
Major Jogvaf Singh Inter College, Jasmai	1958	Jograj Singh	H.S. 1964 Inter 1971	20	513	48,632	51,139
Janta Inter College , Nauner	1962	Vijay Bahadur	H.S. 1965 Inter 1969	37	1,104	1,04,563	1,06,998
Daneshwar Raj Kumar Inter College, Naviganj	1962	Saraswati Prasad	H.S. 1966 Inter 1971	17	452	38,288	38,256
Bhartiya Inter College , Kuraoli	1964	Malkhan Singh	H.S. 1966 Inter 1972	30	755	65,109	79,407
Nehru Inter College, Sawan	1964	Shiv Baksh Singh	H.S. 1965 Inter 1987	45	1,329	1,59,957	1,57,755
A.K. Inter College , Muzaffarpur Tiliyani	1965	Chakkarpan Singh	H.S. 1971 Inter 1972	18	400	23,944	49,658
Ganga Sahai Girls H.S. , Mainpuri	1930	Ganga Sahai	J.H.S. 1969	18	601	32,659	35,497
D.A.V. H.S. School, Alipur	1952	Raghunandan Prasak	H.S.1953	17	572	58,162	66,581
Ghatam Deo H.S. Bhanpur, Patara	1952	Brijeshwar Sahai	J.H.S. 1973	10	225	11,869	16,882
H.H.S.,Husainpur	1953	Bachan Singh	J.H.S. 1973	9	215	14,988	17,759
Adarsh Janta H,S. School Rampur	1956	Dulera Lal	H.S. 1965	15	319	36,212	40,053
Z.P. H.S.School Jagir	-	Zila Parishad	H.S. 1972	11	215	35,762	26,203
Maha Kavi Deo H.S. School Kusmara	1961	Lakshman Das	H.S. 1962	15	577	42,187	40,562
Bhartiya Vidya Mandir Bewar	1961	Vijay Singh	H.S. 1968	16	547	52,355	53,876
Mahaveer H.S. S. Johari Nagar	1962	Jiya Lal	J.H.S. 1970	13	259	31,119	24,995
D.A.V. H.S. Scool Ghiror	1963	Reghubir Singh	H.S. 1966	17	490	46,169	42,465
Nehru H.S. S. Balampur	1964	Tejvir Dubey	J.H.S. 1972	10	220	19,694	19,694
A.K.Vidyalaya Barnahal	1964	-	J.H.S. 1973	11	283	15,535	16,296
Bhakt Batsal H.S.S.Bichhawan	1965	Rustam Singh	H.S. 1972	10	293	24,381	26,555
Krasak Vidyapeeth H.S.S.Murlinagar	1965	Subedar Singh	H.S. 1966	20	705	62,550	47,686
Madan H.S.S.Bhongoan	1966	Madan Mohan	H.S. 1972	17	218	33,972	34,026
D. A. V. H. S. S.Kusmara	1966	R.N. Agnihotri	J.H.S. 1972	8	213	11,685	11,685
Z.P.H.S. Nawatera	-	Zila Parishad	J.H.S. 1972	7	220	31,625	30,393
Nehru Smarak H.S. S Sauj	1966	Samsher Bahadur	J.H.S. 1970	9	260	26,018	15,582
Shishu Mandir Girls H.S. S. Mainpuri	-	R.R. Purang	J.H.S.	19	466	13,938	28,141
Keshaw Lal Mathur Chaturvedi H.S.S. Narinpur	1966	Kharag Jit Singh	J.H.S. 1973	8	196	7,986	11,501
Nehru H.S.S. Khatramau	1967	Lal Singh	J.H.S. 1973	10	316	23,687	23,154
Kisan H.S. School Kharana	1968	-	J.H.S. 1974	10	283	14,395	15,514
Janta Vidyalaya Karahal	1969	Suraj Singh	J.H.S. 1973	8	188	7,482	7,481
Kasturba Gandhi Girls H.S. S. Bhongaon	1969	T. A. Committee	J.H.S. 1971	6	94	12,586	11,660
Shiv Adarsh Vidyalaya , Pendat	1969	Balbir Singh	J.H.S. 1972	10	262	22,974	48,973
Shiksha Sadan H. S.S. Kuchela	1970	Lallo Singh	J.H.S. 1974	10	283	14,395	15,514